"3#A #A >R[ !MATIC PAP]3 8TAK+ A BROAD] VIEW3 A4RESS+ MAT]NAL H1L? 9 ! 3TEXT ( FOOD & NUTRI;N 9SECUR;Y & POV]TY0 PUBLI%$ 0>R[ TAK+ A BROAD] VIEW3 A4RESS+ MAT]NAL H1L? 9 ! 3TEXT ( FOOD & NUTRI;N 9SECUR;Y & POV]TY 99IMAGE ! PICTURE IS (A SMIL+ WOMAN :O IS HOLD+ A BUN* ( /RAW 9 H] H& & WE>+ A HAT 6GU>D SUN RAYS4 ! >R[ LOGO %[S A "P ( FEMALE H& & F+]S 9 %APE (A M\?PIECE = E/ABLI%+ WOM5'S "RS4 .>R[ IS A REGIONAL NON-PR(IT WOM5'S NGO BAS$ 9 KUALA LUMPUR1 MALAYSIA1 & HAS 3SULTATIVE /ATUS )! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL C\NCIL (! UNIT$ N,NS4 S9CE X 0 E/ABLI%$ 9 #AIIC1 X HAS BE5 "W+ 6ADV.E WOM5'S H1L?1 A6IRMATIVE SEXUAL;Y & "RS1 & 6EMP[] WOM5 "? 9=M,N & K1 EVID;E G5],N1 ADVOCACY1 CAPAC;Y BUILD+1 "PN]%IP BUILD+ & ORGANIS,NAL DEVELOP;T4 .>R[ 5VI.NS AN EQUAL1 J & EQUITA# _W1 ": E WOMAN 5JOYS H] FULL SEXUAL & REPRODUCTIVE "RS4 >R[ PROMOTES & #B DEF5DS "3#B WOM5'S "RS & NE$S1 "PICUL>LY 9 ! >1S ( H1L? & SEXUAL;Y1 & 6REA6IRM _! AG5CY 6CLAIM ^! "RS4 ? PUBLIC,N HAS BE5 PRODUC$ )! SUPPORT (! ..DAVID & LUCILE PACK>D F.D,N4.' .>R[ RCVS CORE FUND+_/9/ITU;NAL SUPPORT F ! .=D .F.D,N & 99IMAGE ! LOGO DEF9ES SIDA1 A SW$I% F.D,N "WS )! MIS.N 6R$UCE POV]TY 9 ! _W4 ! LOGO PO9TS 6AN UNIFIC,N ( F+]S 9 #D SETS & 9 DI6]5T COL\RS DEPICT+ V>I$ HUMAN RACE >.D ! _W4 ..ASIAN-PACIFIC RES\RCE @& RESE>* C5TRE = WOM5 7>R[7.' #A @& #B JALAN SCOTT1 BRICKFIELDS #EJDGJ KUALA LUMPUR1 MALAYSIA TEL--7#FJC7 #BBGC #IIAC_/#IIAD FAX--7#FJC7 #BBGC #IIAF EMAIL--,+ARROW!ARROW4ORG4MY,+ WEB--WWW4>R[4ORG4MY FACEBOOK--! ASIAN-PACIFIC RES\RCE @& RESE>* C5TRE = WOM5 7>R[7 #B TWITT]--@!>R[,++,+WOM5 #C Y\TUBE--Y\TUBE4COM_/US]_/>R[OM5 ! DAVID @& LUCILE PACK>D F.D,N "3#C 99IMAGE :ITE >R[ LOGO %[S A "P ( FEMALE H& & F+]S 9 %APE (A M\?PIECE = E/ABLI%+ WOM5'S "RS4 ;II TAK+ A BROAD] VIEW3 A4RESS+ MAT]NAL H1L? 9 ! 3TEXT ( FOOD & NUTRI;N 9SECUR;Y & POV]TY 0N>IMAH AW9 BRIDG+ ! DIVIDE3 !MATIC PAP] S]IES ON L9K+ G5D]1 POV]TY ]ADIC,N1 FOOD SOV]EIGNTY & SECUR;Y1 & SEXUAL & REPRODUCTIVE H1L? & "RS ISBN3 #IGH-#IFG-#JCCI-#BA-#D ^C .#BJAD ..ASIAN-PACIFIC RES\RCE @& RESE>* C5TRE = WOM5.' 7.>R[7 #A @& #B JALAN SCOTT1 BRICKFIELDS #EJDGJ KUALA LUMPUR1 MALAYSIA TEL 7#FJC7 #BBGC #IIAC_/#IIAD FAX 7#FJC7 #BBGC #IIAF EMAIL ,+ARROW!ARROW4ORG4MY,+ #C WEB WWW4>R[4ORG4MY #D FACEBOOK ! ASIAN-PACIFIC RES\RCE @& RESE>* C5TRE = WOM5 7>R[7 TWITT] @!>R[,++,+WOM5 "3#D Y\TUBE Y\TUBE4COM_/US]_/>R[OM5 ANY "P (! PUBLIC,N MAY 2 PHOTOCOPI$1 REPRODUC$1 /OR$ 9 A RETRIEVAL SY/EM OR TRANSMITT$ 9 ANY =M 0ANY M1NS1 OR ADAPT$ 6MEET LOCAL NE$S1 )\T PRIOR P]MIS.N1 PROVID$ T X IS = NON-PR(IT PURPOSES & CR$IT IS GIV5 6>R[4 A COPY (! REPRODUC;N_/TRANSL,N %D 2 S5T 6>R[4 .PRODUC;N .T1M3 .PROJECT .COORD9ATORS3 M>IA MEL9DA 7MALYN7 &O & ]IKA SALES .$ITORS3 MALYN &O1 /ELLA M>QUEZ & AMBIKA V>MA .MANAG+ .$ITORS3 AMBIKA V>MA & ]IKA SALES .REVIEW]S3 KAUS> KHAN & PALLAVI PATEL .COPY .$ITORS3 CEZ> REPUYAN TIGNO & MALYN &O ..LAY\T & GRAPHIC DESIGN3.' NICOLETTE MALL>I .COV] .PHOTO .CR$IT3 IRRI VIA #D FLICKR CR1TIVE -MONS #D #E "3#E #E 3T5TS .1#JA.'.1INTRODUCTION.'.1#JB.'.1OVERVIEW ( MAT]NAL H1L?.'.1#JB.';FOUNDATION & SCOPE.1#JC.';GLOBAL 9ITIATIVES ON MAT]NAL H1L?.1#JE.'.1POVERTY & FOOD SECUR;Y Z DET]M9ANTS ( H1L?.'.1#JE.';POVERTY.1#JF.';FOOD SECUR;Y.1#JF.';GLOBAL POLITICS IMPACT+ POV]TY & FOOD SECUR;Y.1#JI.'.1POVERTY & FOOD SECUR;Y Z DET]M9ANTS ( MAT]NAL H1L?.'.1#JI.';POVERTY & MAT]NAL H1L?.1#AC.';FOOD SECUR;Y & MAT]NAL H1L?.1#AD.'.1OTHER SOCIAL DET]M9ANTS3 G5D] 9EQUAL;Y1 PATRI>*Y.'.1#AF.'.1INCREASED VULN]ABIL;Y 6POV]TY1 FOOD 9SECUR;Y & POOR MAT]NAL H1L?.'.1#AF.';UNINTENDED & UNWANT$ PREGNANCY.1#AF.';YOUNG GIRLS & * M>RIAGE.1#AG.';REMOTE1 DI6ICULT-TO-R1* WOM5.1#AH.';GROUPS AT RISK ( SOCIAL EXCLU.N & 9EQU;Y.1#AI.';DISPLACED WOM5.1#AI.';WOMEN ) 4ABIL;Y.1#AI.'.1THE NE$$ RESPONSE.'.1#BJ.';GENERAL RESPONSES 6A4RESS SOCIAL #F DET]M9ANTS.1#BJ.';ADDRESSING #F "3#F 9EQUITIES.1#BA.';SPECIFIC RESPONSES 0! H1L? SECTOR.1#BB.';ENSURING MAT]NAL H1L? Z A T>GET 9 ! PO/-#BJAE HUMAN DEVELOP;T AG5DA.1#BC.'.1CONCLUSION.'.1#B D.'.1REFERENCES.'.1#BE.'.1ANNEX3 DEF9I;NS.' .LI/ .( .TA#S .#AJ .TA# .#A3 TR5DS ( E/IMATES ( MAT]NAL MORTAL;Y RATIO 7MMR7 0#E-YE> P]IODS #AIIJ-#BJAJ4.#AJ .TA# .#B3 A3ESS 6MAT]NAL H1L?C>E.#AA .TA# .#C3 USE ( BASIC MAT]NAL & * H1L? S]VICES#A 9TRODUC;N ..TAK+ A BROAD] VIEW3.' A4RESS+ MAT]NAL H1L? 9 ! 3TEXT ( FOOD & NUTRI;N 9SECUR;Y & POV]TY .N>IMAH .AW9 H1L? ( 9DIVIDUALS1 FAMILIES1 & -MUNITIES IS 9FLU5C$ 0A MULTITUDE ( SOCIAL DET]M9ANTS1 9CLUD+ POV]TY & FOOD SECUR;Y4 ! -MIS.N ON SOCIAL DET]M9ANTS ( H1L? 7CSDH7 "U ! _W H1L? ORGANIZ,N #G 7:O7 PUBLI%$ 9 #BJJH ! REPORT1 #G ..CLOS+ ! GAP 9 A G5],N3 H1L? EQU;Y "? AC;NS ON ! "3#G SOCIAL DET]M9ANTS ( H1L?1.' : CRITIC,Y /UDI$ ! R1SONS 2H 9EQUITIES 9 H1L? & *ALL5G$ ! 3V5;NAL VIEW ( PUBLIC H1L?4 ! REPORT ASS]TS T H1L? 9EQU;Y IS N NATURAL & IS AVOIDA#1 2+ 9FLU5C$ 0! CIRCUM/.ES 9 : P GR[1 LIVE1 "W1 & AGE1 &! SY/EMS PUT 9 PLACE = !M 6D1L ) ILL;S4 ^! CIRCUM/.ES >E %AP$ 0POLITICAL1 SOCIAL1 & ECONOMIC =CES4 ! -MIS.N MADE S"EAL RECOMM5D,NS 9 ?REE DOMA9S3 7#A7 IMPROV+ DAILY LIV+ 3DI;NS2 7#B7 TACKL+ 9EQUITIES & 4TRIBU;N ( P[]1 M"OY1 & RES\RCES2 & 7#C7 M1SUR+ & "U/&+ ! PRO#M & ASSESS+ ! IMPACT ( AC;N4 9 #BJAJ1 ! PRIOR;Y PUBLIC H1L? 3DI;NS K NET"W "U ! -MIS.N PUBLI%$ ! DOCU;T 8EQU;Y1 SOCIAL DET]M9ANTS1 & PUBLIC H1L? PROGRAMMES0 T S]VES Z A GUIDE = ^? RESPONSI# = H1L? PROGRAMMES 6"W ) O!R SECTORS 6TRANSLATE ^! RECOMM5D,NS 63CRETE AC;NS4 (! _M SOCIAL DET]M9ANTS ( H1L? & MAT]NAL H1L?1 POV]TY IS "O #H (! /R;GE/4 #H (T5 B N ALW 3SEQU5T ^U ? IS ! ROLE ( FOOD & NUTRI;NAL 9SECUR;Y4 :ILE ! L9K 2T POV]TY & FOOD SECUR;Y IS E/ABLI%$1 ! L9K "3#H 2T !M & MAT]NAL H1L? HAS N BE5 SU6ICI5TLY /UDI$ OR A4RESS$4 ? L9K NE$S 6BE "U/OOD 9 A -PREH5SIVE & CRITICAL MANN] = APPROPRIATE 9T]V5;NS1 9CLUD+ =MULAT+ APPROPRIATE POLICIES 65SURE OPTIMAL MAT]NAL H1L? "? ALLEVIAT+ POV]TY & 5SUR+ FOOD SECUR;Y4 ? !MATIC PAP] />TS ) AN OV]VIEW (! F.D,N & SCOPE ( MAT]NAL H1L? & GLOBAL 9ITIATIVES 6IMPROVE MAT]NAL H1L?1 9CLUD+ ! MILL5NIUM DEVELOP;T GOALS 7MDGS74 X 9CLUDES A BRIEF BACKGR.D ON POV]TY & FOOD SECUR;Y &! L9K 2T !M1 Z WELL Z H[ !Y >E IMPACT$ ^U 0CURR5T GLOBAL POLITICS & NEOLIB]AL ECONOMICS4 A 4CUS.N ON POV]TY & FOOD SECUR;Y Z TWO KEY SOCIAL DET]M9ANTS ( MAT]NAL H1L? FOLL[S 6E/ABLI% L9KAGE 9 ? TRIAD4 2C G5D] 9EQUAL;Y &! TRADI;N ( PATRI>*Y >E AL SOCIAL DET]M9ANTS ( POV]TY1 FOOD SECUR;Y1 & MAT]NAL H1L?1 ^! >E AL #I COV]$4 ! ISSUE ( GR\PS ESPECI,Y #I VULN]A# 6POV]TY1 FOOD 9SECUR;Y1 & ESPECI,Y1 POOR MAT]NAL H1L? IS AL A4RESS$4 2F 3CLUD+1 ? PAP] SU7E/S "S NE$$ G5]AL RESPONSES COV]+ ALL SECTORS 6A4RESS ! SOCIAL "3#I DET]M9ANTS ( MAT]NAL H1L?1 FOLL[$ 0RESPONSES 6A4RESS 9EQUITIES1 ;SPECIFIC#B;RECOMMENDATIONS = RESPONSES 0! H1L? SECTOR1 & F9,Y RESPONSES = 5SUR+ T POV]TY ]ADIC,N1 FOOD SECUR;Y1 & MAT]NAL H1L? >E CAPTUR$ 9 ! PO/-#BJAE HUMAN DEVELOP;T AG5DA4 OV]VIEW ( MAT]NAL H1L? F.D,N & SCOPE ! TRADI;NAL VIEW & SCOPE ( MAT]NAL H1L? IS ! H1L? ( WOM5 9 ! REPRODUCTIVE AGE GR\P 7#AE--#DI Z ID5TIFI$ 0! MDGS71 :ILE !Y "UGO ! PHYSIOLOGICAL /ATE ( PREGNANCY1 FOLL[$ 0*ILDBIR?1 &! PO/"PUM P]IOD4 ? IS ! F.D,N ( MAT]NAL H1L? POLICIES1 PROGRAMMES1 & S]VICES4 MAT]NAL H1L? S]VICES >E ALW #AJ PROVID$ AL;G ) 9FANT & * H1L?1 #AJ RECOGNIS+ ! 9TRICATE & 9SEP>A# L9K 9 ! "M-* DYAD2 & >E USU,Y CALL$ MAT]NAL & * H1L? 7MCH7 S]VICES1 : 9 _M C.TRIES1 IS ! F.D,N (! OV]ALL H1L? S]VICES4 ) NEW K & R1LITIES1 ! SCOPE ( MAT]NAL & * H1L? S]VICES IS N[ 3SID]$ TOO N>R[4 NEONATAL OR NEW-BORN * "3#AJ H1L? & M$IC9E HAS EVOLV$ 3SID]ABLY 9 ! PA/ S"EAL DECADES2 PROGRAMMES H N[ EXP&$ 6MAT]NAL & NEW-BORN * H1L? 7MN*7 PROGRAMMES4 AL1 ) 9CR1S+ RECOGNI;N (! IMPORT.E ( ADOLESC5T SEXUAL & REPRODUCTIVE H1L?1 _M MAT]NAL H1L? PROGRAMMES TD 5COMPASS ? /AGE (! LIFE C\RSE Z WELL1 & >E REF]R$ 6Z MAT]NAL NEWBORN1 *1 & ADOLESC5T H1L? 7MNCAH7 PROGRAMMES4 "! IS AL NEW K ON ! IMPORT.E (! PRE-PREGNANCY OR PRE-3CEP;N P]IOD & XS IMPACT ON PREGNANCY4 S"EAL C.TRIES H DEVELOP$ PROGRAMMES = ?4 = EXAMPLE1 MALAYSIA'S M9I/RY ( H1L? 9 #BJJB DEVELOP$ XS GUIDEL9ES = PRE-PREGNANCY C>E4 99#A;WHO HAS 2GUN S"EAL 3SULT,NS ON ? IMPORTANT S]VICE &A DOCU;T HAS #AA BE5 PUBLI%$ ON ! REPORT (A #AA 3SULT,N 9 #BJAB4 99#B;SOME (! IMPORTANT -PON5TS ( PRE- 3CEPTUAL C>E 9CLUD$ FOOD & NUTRI;N4 "! IS AL NE$ 6VIEW MAT]NAL H1L? )9 ! BROAD] AMBIT ( SEXUAL & REPRODUCTIVE H1L? 7SRH74 9 ! :O GLOBAL /RATEGY = REPRODUCTIVE H1L?1 MAT]NAL H1L? IS LI/$ Z ! F/ (! FIVE -PON5TS ( REPRODUCTIVE H1L? & IS EXPRESS$ Z 8IMPROV+ ANT5ATAL1 "3#AA DELIV]Y1 PO/"PUM1 & NEW-BORN C>E04 ! FIVE -PON5TS ( REPRODUCTIVE H1L? >E3 #A4 IMPROV+ ANT5ATAL1 DELIV]Y1 PO/"PUM1 & NEW-BORN C>E2#B4 PROVID+ HI< QUAL;Y FAMILY PLANN+ 9CLUD+ 9F]TIL;Y S]VICES2#C4 ELIM9AT+ UNSAFE ABOR;N2#C#D4 -BATT+ SEXU,Y TRANSMITT$ 41SES1 9CLUD+ HIV & AIDS1 REPRODUCTIVE TRACT 9FEC;N1 C]VICAL C.ER1 & O!R GYNAECOLOGICAL MORBIDITIES2 ;AND#E4 PROMOT+ SEXUAL H1L?4 ? GLOBAL /RATEGY S]VES Z A GUIDE 6MEMB] /ATES 6DESIGN APPROPRIATE PROGRAMMES & S]VICES = OPTIMAL REPRODUCTIVE H1L?4 =! OPTIMAL #AB DELIV]Y ( REPRODUCTIVE H1L? #AB S]VICES1 ! AU?OR;Y RESPONSI# M/ TAKE 963SID],N ! B>RI]S 6A3ESS+ ^! S]VICES1 : MAY 2 DEM&-SIDE B>RI]S 7S* Z POV]TY OR REMOTE;S7 OR S]VICE-SIDE B>RI]S 7S* Z FEE = S]VICE OR POOR QUAL;Y C>E71 & PUT APPROPRIATE 9T]V5;NS 9 PLACE4 ! DIRECT CAUSES ( MAT]NAL D1?S >E CL9ICAL 9 NATURE4 ! L1D+ CAUSES >E PO/"PUM HAEMORRHAGE1 HYP]T5SIVE 4ORD]S MANIFE/$ Z PRE-ECLAMPSIA & ECLAMPSIA1 "3#AB SEPSIS 7ESPECI,Y DUE 6UNSAFE ABOR;N71 OB/RUCT$ LAB\R1 & M$ICAL 3DI;NS MADE WORSE 0! PREGNANCY4 H["E1 :AT IS IMPORTANT 6AC"KL$GE IS ! ROLE (! FACTORS "ULY+ ^! DIRECT CAUSES ( MAT]NAL D1?S1 ! SOCIAL DET]M9ANTS4 ? RECOGNI;N W ALL[ POLICY MAK]S 6DESIGN APPROPRIATE 9T]V5;NS 6SAVE WOM5 F DY+ DUR+ PREGNANCY & *ILDBIR?4 ! L[ SOCIAL /ATUS ( WOM5 9 DEVELOP+ C.TRIES LIMITS _! A3ESS 6ECONOMIC RES\RCES & BASIC $UC,N1 & _! ABIL;Y 6MAKE DECI.NS RELAT+ 6_! H1L? & NUTRI;N4 "S WOM5 >E D5I$ A3ESS 6C>E :5 X IS NE$$1 EI 2C (! CULTURAL #AC PRACTISE ( SECLU.N OR 2C #AB DECI.N-MAK+ IS ! RESPONSIBIL;Y (! O!R FAMILY MEMB]S4 LACK ( A3ESS 6& USE ( ESS5TIAL OB/ETRIC S]VICE IS A CRUCIAL FACTOR T 3TRIBUTES 6HI< MAT]NAL MORTAL;Y4 LACK ( DECI.N- MAK+ P[] & ALT]NATIVE OPPORTUNITIES RELEGATES WOM5 6A LIFE ( REP1T$ *-BE>+4 EXCESSIVE PHYSICAL "W & POOR DIET 3TRIBUTE 6POOR MAT]NAL \TCOME 7R$UC;N 9 MAT]NAL MORTAL;Y1 #AIII74 #AD "3#AC #AC GLOBAL 9ITIATIVES ON MAT]NAL H1L? 9 #AIHE1 AT ! 5D (! 9T]N,NAL DECADE = WOM51 MAT]NAL D1?S 7 HI :ILE GIV+ LIFE4 9 A4I;N1 X 0 OBS]V$ T MAT]NAL & * H1L? PROGRAMMES PLAC$ EMPHASIS ON * H1L?1 ?US RAIS+ ! "Q1 8": IS ! ;M 9 MCH80 6A4RESS ^! ISSUES1 ! SAFE "MHOOD 9ITIATIVE 0 LAUN*$ 9 NAIROBI 9 #AIHG 6GET ATT5;N (! _W ON ! UNA3EPTA# MAGNITUDE ( MAT]NAL D1?S4 ! 9T]N,NAL 3F];E ON POPUL,N DEVELOP;T 7ICPD7 9 CAIRO 9 #AIID 0 A WAT]%$ = SEXUAL & REPRODUCTIVE H1L? "RS 7SRHR7 & MAT]NAL H1L?1 ": CALLS 7 MADE 6RECOGNISE & RESPOND 6! 9FLU;ES (! BROAD] SOCIO- ECONOMIC & POLITICAL DET]M9ANTS ( SRHR & MAT]NAL H1L?1 & ": ! HUMAN "RS & G5D] P]SPECTIVES 7 EMPHASIS$4 ^! CALLS REV]B]AT$ AT ! F\R? _W 3F];E ON WOM5 9 BEIJ+ 9 #AIIE4 ! FOLL[-UP ON RECOMM5D,NS MADE AT ^! TWO 3F];ES ) _! RESPECTIVE PROGRAMMES ( AC;N & PLAT=M = AC;N 7 EXAM9$ E FIVE YE>S "!AF1 CULM9AT+ #AE 9 ! REA6IRM,N (! ICPD PROGRAMME #AD ( AC;N 9 A "3#AD UN G5]AL ASSEMBLY SES.N ON ICPD 2Y #BJAD &A REVIEW (! BEIJ+ PLAT=M = AC;N 9 #BJAE AT ! #EI? SES.N (! -MIS.N ON ! /ATUS ( WOM5 7CSW74 #D ! MDGS 0 ANO!R MILE/"O = MAT]NAL H1L?4 ! EIE 9T]RELAT$1 AIM$ 6"W 9 3SON.E ) A*IEV+ HUMAN DEVELOP;T4 ;MDG#E IS 6IMPROVE MAT]NAL H1L?4 ! F/ (! TWO T>GETS IS R$UC+ MAT]NAL MORTAL;Y 0?REE QU>T]S 7#GE 3P7 2T #AIIJ & #BJAE1 ) 9DICATORS3 7#A7 MAT]NAL MORTAL;Y1 & 7#B7 ! PROPOR;N ( BIR?S ATT5D$ 0SKILL$ H1L? PR(ES.NAL4 ! SECOND T>GET ( ;MDG#E1 8A*IEV+ UNIV]SAL A3ESS 6REPRODUCTIVE H1L?0 0 A4$ 9 #BJJE1 AF ADVOCACY & 9SI/;E F S"EAL MOVE;TS & /AKEHOLD]S 9CLUD+ CIVIL SOCIETY1 65SURE T ! MDGS D N FALL %ORT (! ASPIR,NS MADE 9 ! #AIID ICPD PROGRAMME ( AC;N4 ! 9DICATORS = ? T>GET >E3 *P *P 3TRACEPTIVE PREVAL;E RATE1*P *P ADOLESC5T BIR? RATE1*P *P #AF ANT5ATAL #AE COV]AGE 7AT L1/ "O VISIT71 &*P *P UNMET NE$ = FAMILY PLANN+4 9 ! 3TEXT ( ? !MATIC PAP]1 X IS P]T95T "3#AE 6VIEW ;MDG#E Z L9K$ 6! ;MDG#A1 : IS 86]ADICATE EXTREME POV]TY & HUNG]40 XS F/ T>GET IS 86HALVE 2T #AIIJ & #BJAE ! PROPOR;N ( P ^: 9COME IS LESS ?AN "O DOLL> A "D10 : IS 6BE M1SUR$ 0! ?REE 9DICATORS1 "NLY3 7#A7 PROPOR;N ( P E>N+ LESS ?AN "O DOLL> A "D2 7#B7 ! POV]TY GAP RATIO2 & 7#C7 %>E (! POORE/ QU9TILE 9 N,NAL 3SUMP;N4 ! SECOND T>GET ( ? MDG IS 86HALVE 2T #AIIJ & #BJAE ! PROPOR;N ( P :O SU6] F HUNG]10 6BE M1SUR$ BY3 7#A7 ! PREVAL;E ( "U-WEIS ( AGE2 & 7#B7 ! PROPOR;N (! POPUL,N 2L M9IMUM LEVEL ( DIET>Y 5]GY 3SUMP;N4 X HAS 2COME CLE> T ;MDG#E IS ! GOAL T HAS MADE ! L1/ PROGRESS1 & IS UNLIKELY 6BE A*IEV$ IF ! CURR5T SITU,N P]SI/S4 9 RESPONSE1 ! GLOBAL /RATEGY ON WOM5'S & *N'S H1L? 0 LAUN*$ 0! UN SECRET>Y G5]AL 9 SEPTEMB] #BJAJ1 AIM$ 6PREV5T #CC MILLION UNWANT$ PREGNANCIES1 #AG #EGJ'JJJ D1?S 9 WOM5 F #AF PREGNANCIES & *ILDBIR?1 & #AE MILLION D1?S 9 *N "U #E YE>S OLD 7UN1 #BJAJ74 "U ? /RATEGY1 TWO -MIS.NS 7 E/ABLI%$4 ! -MIS.N ON 9=M,N & A3.TABIL;Y 7COIA7 IS 65SURE T PL$GES & -MIT;TS AM;G "3#AF MEMB] /ATES >E HON\R$1 & T M RELIA# 9=M,N IS OBTA9$ 6TRACK RESULTS & RES\RCES4 ! -MIS.N ON LIFE-SAV+ -MODITIES = WOM5 & *N IS 6A4RESS ! PRO#M ( CO/-E6ECTIVE HI< IMPACT H1L? -MODITIES N R1*+ ! WOM5 & *N :O NE$ !M1 2C ( S"EAL B>RI]S1 POV]TY 2+ ! MAJOR R1SON4 REPORTS ON ! PROGRESS (! MDGS MADE ! H1DL9E (! WALL /REET J\RNAL ( #C AUGU/ #BJAC4 ! H1DL9E R1D1 8C.TRIES MET POV]TY R$UC;N GOAL B TRIP ON MAT]NAL H1L?0 &! REPORT HIGET$--X IS N[ #BB 3P -P>$ 6#DG 3P 9 #AIIJ1 ?US A*IEV+ ! T>GET ( HALV+ ? PROPOR;N4 X %D 2 NOT$1 H["E1 T CIVIL SOCIETY GR\PS H OPPOS$ ! POV]TY M1SURE;T ( ;USD#A1BE A "D1 CALL+ X #AH Z A 8/>V,N 9DICATOR10 99#C;AND #AG "!=E M* M REMA9S 9 ]ADICAT+ POV]TY & HUNG]4 #E = ;MDG#E1 ! PICTURE IS 4MAL4 ?\< ! MDG REPORT ( #BJAD 9DICAT$ T ! MAT]NAL MORTAL;Y RATIO DROPP$ 0#DE 3P 2T #AIIJ & #BJAC1 F #CHJ 6#BAJ D1?S P] #AJJ'JJJ "3#AG LIVE BIR?S1 ? SIGNIFICANT PROGRESS IS / WAY 2L ! T>GET$ #GE 3P R$UC;N 0#BJAE4 A CLOS] LOOK AT ? FIGURE WD 9DICATE T MAT]NAL MORTAL;Y 9 DEVELOP+ REGIONS IS #AD "TS HI<] ?AN 9 DEVELOP$ REGIONS ) #BCJ P] #AJJ'JJJ LIVE BIR?S -P>$ 6#AF P] #AJJ'JJJ1 RESPECTIVELY 9 #BJAC4 ! 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USA HAS L$ 6A HUGE PROPOR;N ( AM]ICANS N COV]$ 0H1L? 9SUR.E4 A /UDY ON POV]TY1 MAT]NAL H1L?1 & ADV]SE PREGNANCY \TCOME 0NAGAHAWATTE & GOLD5B]G 7#BJJH71 %[$ ASSOCI,N 2T POV]TY & UTILIS,N RATE ( APPROPRIATE PR5ATAL & DELIV]Y S]VICE & PREGNANCY \TCOME4 ! REL,N%IP 2T POV]TY & FAMILY SIZE & F]TIL;Y "WS BO? WAYS4 HI< F]TIL;Y #DJ C 2 A CAUSE ( POV]TY2 H\SEHOLDS #CH )A L>GE NUMB] ( *N T5D 6BE POOR1 ) M M\?S 6FE$4 HI< F]TIL;Y C AL RESULT F POV]TY2 9 ! SIMPLE/ VIEW1 POOR C\PLES H LESS A3ESS 6FAMILY PLANN+ S]VICES ESPECI,Y IF "! IS A FEE REQUIR$4 B 9 S\? ASIA1 9CR1S$ F]TIL;Y Z A RESULT ( POV]TY IS L9K$ 6! DESIRE ( C\PLES F POOR H\SEHOLDS 6WANT M *N1 Z A SECUR;Y 9 CASE "S *N DIE1 &= OLD AGE SECUR;Y4 GUPTA & DUBEY 7#BJJC7 /AT$ "3#CH T POOR H\SEHOLDS 9 DEVELOP+ C.TRIES *OOSE 6H L>G] FAMILIES 2C *N >E 3SID]$ CURR5T & FUTURE ECONOMIC ASSETS 6A FAMILY 9 ! ABS;E ( ADEQUATE SOCIAL 9SUR.E4 ! IMPLIC,N ( ? ON MAT]NAL H1L? IS OBVI\S2 POOR] WOM5 ) REP1T$ PREGNANCIES W H POOR] MAT]NAL & FOETAL \TCOMES4 2SS POV]TY 2+ A B>RI] 6! A3ESS & USE ( MAT]NAL & REPRODUCTIVE H1L?C>E1 X IS AL A DET]M9ANT (! QUAL;Y ( C>E 6^? :O D USE ! S]VICE4 A /UDY 3DUCT$ 9 NOR? 9DIA F.D T (! WOM5 :O 7 SE5 0A DOCTOR = ANT5ATAL C>E1 ONLY #ED 3P _H _! BLOOD #DA PRESSURE M1SUR$1 &! P]C5TAGE = #CH ^? SE5 0A NURSE 0 EV5 L[] AT #BJ 3P4 !Y AL OBS]V$ ! REGIONAL DI6];E--A SIMIL> /UDY D"O 9 S\? 9DIA--%[$ ! CORRESPOND+ P]C5TAGES Z #IC 3P 7DOCTOR7 & #DH 3P 7NURSE74 #AC FUR!R ILLU/RAT+ ! ROLE ( /ATE POLICIES1 X 0 F.D T ! QUAL;Y ( C>E ( S]VICE PROVID$ 6WOM5 9 ! HI IMPORT.E 9 WOM5 ( *-BE>+ AGE & 9 ! A*IEVE;T ( OPTIMAL MAT]NAL H1L?4 CALORIE REQUIRE;TS DEP5D ON WELL- "KN V>IA#S1 "O ( : IS PHYSIOLOGICAL /ATES1 ESPECI,Y PREGNANCY & LACT,N4 A PREGNANT WOMAN ( AV]AGE SIZE & PHYSICAL ACTIV;Y WD REQUIRE #B'EJJ CALORIES A "D4 ! REQUIRE;T PREGNANT WOM5 = MICRO- NUTRI5TS IS AN IMPORTANT ASPECT2 ! PREVAL;E ( ANAEMIA 9 PREGNANCY1 MO/LY NUTRI;NAL ANAEMIA 9 C.TRIES ( S\? ASIA1 IS HI<4 REP1T$ PREGNANCIES DEPLETE :AT"E LL BODY RES]VE IS AVAILA#4 WOM5 :O EXP]I;E BLOOD LOSS DUR+ *ILDBIR? FACE ! RISK ( DY+2 PO/-"PUM HAEMORRHAGE IS ! MO/ -MON CAUSE ( MAT]NAL D1? 9 DEVELOP+ C.TRIES4 "U-N\RI%$ "MS >E AL AT HI<] RISK ( PRE-T]M BIR?1 RESULT+ 9 A PREMATURE 9FANT2 & EV5 IF ! BIR? IS FULL-T]M1 ! BABIES >E M LIKELY 6BE ( L[- BIR? WEIIETY ( WAYS 6POOR #DC MAT]NAL H1L?1 OB/ETRIC PRO#MS & #DJ POOR PREGNANCY "3#DJ \TCOMES4 /UNT+ DUR+ *ILDHOOD & %ORT /ATURE 9 WOM5 L1DS 6CEPHALO-PELVIC 4PROPOR;N1 : IS ! MO/ -MON CAUSE ( OB/RUCT$ LAB\R4 NUTRI;NAL IRON-DEFICI5CY ANAEMIA IS EXTREMELY -MON 9 PREGNANT WOM5 ESPECI,Y 9 S\? ASIA1 (T5 MADE WORSE 0*RONIC P>ASITIC 9FE/,N4 VITAM9 A IS NE$$ = EMBRYONIC DEVELOP;T1 & VITAM9 A DEFICI5CY IS L9K$ 6OB/ETRICS -PLIC,NS2 IOD9E DEFICI5CY CAUSES HYPO?YROIDISM PLAC+ ! PREGNANT WOMAN AT RISK ( /ILLBIR? & ABOR;NS2 9ADEQUATE DIET>Y CALCIUM IS A RISK FACTOR = PREECLAMPSIA & ECLAMPSIA4 ! ROLE ( PRE-3CEPTUAL FOLIC ACID 9 PREV5T+ NEURAL TUBE DEFECT 7NTD7 %D N 2 IGNOR$4 = _M WOM51 DIET>Y DEFICI5CIES />T 9 *ILDHOOD1 & ? A6ECTS _! :OLE LIFE C\RSE4 EXP]I;E 9 PR5ATAL LIFE & E>LY *ILDHOOD1 9CLUD+ NUTRI;N & $UC,N LAY D[N ! F.D,NS =! 5TIRE LIFE C\RSE4 GIRLS :O RCV *RONIC,Y 9ADEQUATE DIETS GR[ 96MALN\RI%$ WOM5 :O SU6] F PROTE9 5]GY #DD MALNUTRI;N & MICRONUTRI5T #DA DEFICI5CIES ESPECI,Y = IRON & FOLIC ACID 7L1D+ 6ANAEMIA7 & IOD9E 7L1D+ 6IOD9E DEFICI5CY 4ORD]74 "3#DA 2C (! E6ECTS ( FOETAL PROGRAMM+1 99#G;ALSO CALL$ ! 9TRAUT]9E ORIG9 ( 41SE &! L9K 2T HUNG] & *RONIC 41SE2 & S9CE "U-NUTRI;N & HUNG] C H _! ORIG9S L;G 2F REPRODUCTIVE AGE1 X IS IMPORTANT T ! PRO#M IS A4RESS$ "?\T ! LIFE C\RSE1 SPANN+ FOETAL LIFE 6ADULTHOOD4 6RESPOND 6! EXTRA NUTRI;NAL REQUIRE;T (! PREGNANT & LACTAT+ "M1 MAT]NAL H1L? PROGRAMMES (T5 DESIGN SPECIFIC 9T]V5;NS1 ESPECI,Y 6PREV5T NUTRI;NAL ANAEMIA ;IN#AD;PREGNANCY4 2SS ! USUAL IRON & FOLATE TA#TS1 _M MAT]NAL H1L? PROGRAMMES 9 DEVELOP+ C.TRIES PROVIDE SUPPLE;T>Y FE$+ OR FOOD -MODITIES 7USU,Y FULL CR1M MILK7 6PREGNANT "MS4 H["E1 "S ( ^! PROGRAMMES H N SE5 M* SU3ESS4 IRON- FOLATE SUPPLE;T,N PROGRAMMES 9 _M DEVELOP+ C.TRIES H BE5 9 PLACE = S"EAL DECADES 6TR1T NUTRI;NAL ANAEMIA B V FEW ( ^! H %[N IMPROVE;T 9 PREVAL;E ( #DE ANAEMIA 9 PREGNANCY4 ! R1SONS = #DB ? H BE5 EXT5SIVELY /UDI$ & 9CLUDE POOR A3EPTABIL;Y (! ORAL TA#TS1 MA9LY DUE 6SIDE E6ECTS S* Z 3/IP,N1 POOR APPRECI,N (! VALUE (! SUPPLE;TS ESPECI,Y :5 !Y >E "3#DB PROVID$ FREE1 & L[ LEVEL ( AW>E;S & POOR K AM;G PREGNANT WOM54 ? HAS L$ 6TRIALS ) ALT]NATE APPROA*ES S* Z ORAL SUPPLE;T,N ) LESS FREQU5CY 79/1D ( DAILY7 & 9TRAV5\S IRON =MUL,NS4 9 *N1 REF];E HAS BE5 MADE E>LI] 6! DI6]5TIALS 2T *N F POOR & F WELL-(F FAMILIES 9 EXPOSURE1 A3ESS 6C>E1 & GETT+ ADEQUATE QUAL;Y C>E 9CLUD+ M$ICAL TR1T;T = LIFE ?R1T5+ 3DI;NS S* Z PNEUMONIA & DI>RHOEA4 ! SAME C 2 SD = FOOD SECUR;Y & NUTRI;N4 B>ROS1 ET ;AL 7#BJAB7 PROVIDES REF];ES ON EVID;ES T L9K W1L? QU9TILES 6! PREVAL;E ( MICRONUTRI5T DEFICI5CIES ESPECI,Y ANAEMIA AM;G *N4 !Y AL %[ EVID;E (! ASSOCI,N 2T L[-BIR? WEIE M PREVAL5T 9 ! POOR] REGIONS (! _W -P>$ 6! DEVELOP$ & RI*] REGIONS1 0Z M* Z A FACTOR ( #B4 X IS 6BE NOT$ ?\< T #DF = _M DEVELOP+ C.TRIES "UGO+ ! #DC EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRANSI;N & HAV+ ! D\# BURD5 ( 41SE1 MALNUTRI;N 9 ! =M ( OV]-NUTRI;N MANIFE/$ 0OV]-WEI+ AGE1 & "S ( ^! MAY 2 DUE 63SUMP;N ( UNSAFE OR 3TAM9AT$ FOODS4 ! MO/ WELL-"KN IS VIRAL HEPATITIS ;E1 : = R1SONS N V WELL "U/OOD A6ECT PREGNANT WOM5 9 A M* M S]I\S MANN] ?AN 9 NON-PREGNANT WOM5 OR 9 M54 X IS IMPORTANT 6BE> 9 M9D T ! -PON5TS ( FOOD & NUTRI;N SECUR;Y APPLY 6MAT]NAL H1L? Z !Y APPLY 6! G5]AL POPUL,N4 ? M1NS T FOOD SECUR;Y = MAT]NAL H1L? REQUIRES ! ABIL;Y (! WOM5 6ACQUIRE FOOD2 T FOOD ACQUIR$ IS SAFE1 NUTRI;N,Y ADEQUATE1 P]SON,Y1 & CULTUR,Y A3EPTA#2 T FOOD IS SU6ICI5T 9 QUANT;Y & QUAL;Y 6SU/A9 H1L? & GR[? & PREV5T ILL;S2 T FOOD IS #DG OBTA9$ 9 A MANN] T UPHOLDS HUMAN #DC DIGN;Y2 & T FOOD IS PRODUC$1 PROCESS$ & 4TRIBUT$ 9 A MANN] T DOES N -PROMISE 5VIRON;TAL SU/A9ABIL;Y4 MOREOV]1 X %D UPHOLD ! T5ETS ( FOOD SOV]EIGNTY4 #DH "3#DD #DD O!R SOCIAL DET]M9ANTS3 G5D] 9EQUAL;Y & PATRI>*Y :ILE FRE$OM F POV]TY & FOOD SECUR;Y C 5H.E H1L? & SURVIVAL ( WOM5 & "MS1 "! >E O!R 9T]RELAT$ SOCIAL ISSUES ;THAT#AE;IMPACT ON ! TRIAD ( POV]TY1 FOOD SECUR;Y1 & MAT]NAL H1L?4 TWO S* DET]M9ANTS >E ! 9T]RELAT$ G5D] 9EQUAL;Y &! TRADI;N ( PATRI>*Y1 : >E PREVAL5T 9 S\? ASIA4 ! IMPACT ( POV]TY ON MAT]NAL H1L? IS DIRECT & CLE>1 S9CE X IS WOM5 :O "UGO PREGNANCY & EXP]I;E *ILDBIR?4 POV]TY IS M PREVAL5T 9 WOM5 ?AN 9 M52 ! R1SONS >E _M & ^! >E CLOSELY L9K$ 6! 5TR5*$ PATRI>*AL TRADI;NS4 A MALE-DOM9AT$ & PATRI>*AL SOCIETY L1DS 6GIRLS & WOM5 2+ DEPRIV$ ( $UC,NAL & 9COME-G5]AT+ OPPORTUNITIES4 9 A4I;N1 PATRI>*AL SY/EMS & TRADI;NS H LAWS DETRI;TAL 6WOM51 S* Z 9H]IT.E LAWS & "RS ( DIVORC$ WOM54 S+LE WOM5 >E M 4ADVANTAG$ ?AN M>RI$ WOM51 & FEMALE S+LE-H1D$ H\SEHOLDS >E M* POOR] ?AN O!R H\SEHOLDS4 #DI PATRI>*Y AL HAS NEGATIVE #DE IMPACT ON "3#DE MAT]NAL H1L?4 9 PATRI>*AL 3TEXTS1 9CLUD+ 9 S\? ASIA1 WOM5 >E (T5 N EMP[]$ 6DECIDE ON H[ _M *N !Y WANT1 H[ 6SPACE _! PREGNANCIES1 :AT FAMILY PLANN+ ME?OD 6USE 7IF AT ALL %E IS EMP[]$ 6USE 3TRACEPTIVES71 OR :AT MAT]NAL H1L? S]VICE 7E4G41 PUBLIC OR PRIVATE1 MOD]N OR TRADI;NAL7 6USE 7IF AT ALL %E IS ALL[$ 6BE GIV5 S* S]VICE74 EV5 :5 %E 5C.T]S A LIFE-?R1T5+ -PLIC,N1 A PREGNANT WOMAN C 2 DEPRIV$ ( LIFE-SAV+ M1SURES1 2C 9 A PATRI>*AL SOCIETY1 ! VALUE PLAC$ ON ! LIFE ( WOM5 IS L[] ?AN T ( M54 PATRI>*AL CU/OMS C AL DET]M9E IF ! PREGNANT WOMAN IS GIV5 ! "R AM.T &! "R K9DS ( FOOD4 9 "S SOCIETIES 9 S\? ASIA1 WOM5 & GIRLS EAT ONLY AF M5 & BOYS4 WOM5 BE> ! BRUNT ( H\SEHOLD *ORES 9CLUD+ FET*+ WAT] & PREP>+ FOOD1 & 9 MO/ MALE- 3TROLL$ -MUNITIES1 PREGNANT WOM5 >E N FRE$ F ^! *ORES1 : C A6ECT H] H1L? & 5DANG] H] LIFE4 "! >E G5D] DI6]5TIALS 9 S]VICE #EJ USE2 G5],Y1 M5 >E M LIKELY #DF 6AVAIL ( H1L?C>E ?AN WOM54 P>UZOLLO1 ET ;AL 7#BJAJ7 CITES /UDIES 9 BANGLADE%1 : %[$ ! USE RATE ( "3#DF H1L? S]VICE 9 M5 IS #A1GC "TS M ?AN 9 WOM51 & 9 S\? 9DIA1 : %[$ T (! "O- ?IRD ( H\SEHOLDS T CD A3ESS H1L?C>E )\T GO+ 96DEBT1 USE ( H1L? S]VICE IS R,N$ 0G5D]1 & ? DI6];E IS M S AM;G ! V POOR4 "O (! P]NICI\S IMPACT ( PATRI>*Y1 ESPECI,Y RAMPANT 9 S\? ASIA IS SEX SELEC;N DUE 6SON PREF];E4 "! IS EVID;E T 9 9DIA1 ? PRACTICE TRANSC5DS CLASS B>RI]S4 ! 9DIAN GOV]N;T HAS 5ACT$ A LAW AG/ SEX DET]M9,N (! FOETUS4 H["E1 X IS R1SONA# 6ASSUME T ! 5=CE;T ( S* LAWS IS EXTREMELY *ALL5G+4 MOREOV]1 ! IMPLIC,NS ON ! PREGNANT WOMAN IS NO LESS SIGNIFICANT4 %E MAY N 2 ! DECI.N MAK] 9 ^! PROC$URES ( SEX SELEC;N2 ? IS AL HAPP5+ 9 A SOCIETY : VALUES M5 M1 & ": A WOMAN'S /ATUS & VALUE DEP5DS ON H] GIV+ BIR? 6A MALE *4 9 ! >EA ( FOOD SECUR;Y1 ! ROLE ( G5D] & WOM5'S EMP[];T IS -PREH5SIVELY & #EA EXT5SIVELY D1LT ) 9 ! PUBLIC,N #DG 0! FAO & ADB 7#BJAC74 ! PUBLIC,N 4CUSSES ! ROLE ( WOM5 9 FOOD PRODUC;N & PREP>,N1 &! 3/RA9TS & 9EQUITIES !Y FACE 9 ^! ROLES2 & H[ WOM5 H RELEV.E 6! ?REE CURR5T "3#DG GLOBAL CRISES 7FOOD PRICE CRISIS1 F9ANCIAL & ECONOMIC CRISIS1 &! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS74 #AF FUR!RMORE1 X HIKETS72*P *P BETT] A3ESS 6FOOD "? DEC5T RURAL EMPLOY;T 9 TWO SETT+S--WAG$ EMPLOY;T ON F>MS1 (F-F>M EMPLOY;T2 &*P *P BETT] A3ESS 6FOOD "? SOCIAL PROTEC;N 7CA% TRANSF]1 PUBLIC "WS1 ASSET TRANSF]1 S*OOL FE$+1 VOLUNT>Y 9SUR.E74 9CR1S$ VULN]ABIL;Y 6POV]TY1 FOOD #EB 9SECUR;Y1 & POOR MAT]NAL #DH H1L? MAT]NAL H1L? & XS L9KS 6POV]TY & FOOD SECUR;Y H 6TAKE 96A3.T VULN]A# GR\PS4 POV]TY1 ESPECI,Y EXTREME POV]TY1 MAKES "O M>G9ALIS$1 &! CASE (! POOR 9 USA1 Z DESCRIB$ 9 ! /UDY 0NAHAWATTE & GOLD5B]G 7#BJJH7 E>LI]1 %[S T ! POOR >E MO/LY F "3#DH E?NIC M9OR;Y GR\PS4 ? SEC;N W FOCUS ON ! MAT]NAL H1L? DIM5.N1 B X W 2COME CLE> T )9 ? DIM5.N1 "! IS RELEV.E ( POV]TY & FOOD 9SECUR;Y 9 "PICUL> GR\PS ( WOM54 UN9T5D$ & UNWANT$ PREGNANCY POV]TY IS L9K$ 6UNPLANN$1 UN9T5D$1 & UNWANT$ PREGNANCIES4 VULN]ABIL;Y 6UN9T5D$ PREGNANCIES1 :E!R AM;G M>RI$ OR UNM>RI$ WOM51 IS 9FLU5C$ /R;GLY 0A3ESS 63TRACEPTIVES4 POOR WOM5 >E AL M LIKELY 6FACE ! NEGATIVE 3SEQU;ES ( AN UNWANT$ PREGNANCY S* Z UNSAFE ABOR;N4 ! REPORT 0MALA*]1 ET ;AL 7#BJAJ7 %[S T F ! LIMIT$ DATA AVAILA#1 ! WRIT]S >E A# 69F] T UN9T5D$ PREGNANCIES >E M LIKELY #EC 6O3UR AM;G ! POOR1 ADOLESC5TS1 ! #DI UNM>RI$ & MIGRANTS4 A DETAIL$ ANALYSIS IS %[N -P>+ ! NUMB] ( *N DESIR$ 0WOM5 7ID1L FAMILY SIZE7 AM;G DI6]5T W1L? QU9TILES 9 SELECT$ C.TRIES1 & -P>+ ? 6! TOTAL F]TIL;Y RATE ( T C.TRY4 "! IS GRT] 4CREPANCY 2T ! ID1L FAMILY SIZE &! TOTAL F]TIL;Y RATE AM;G WOM5 F POOR] H\SEHOLD4 ! MO/ -MON 3SEQU;E ( AN UNWANT$ "3#DI PREGNANCY IS VOLUNT>Y ABOR;N1 : 9 POOR WOM5 IS MO/LY UNSAFE PUTT+ ! WOMAN 6SEPSIS1 BLE$+1 & EV5 D1?4 ! 3SEQU;E ( UN9T5D$ PREGNANCY T IS TAK5 6T]M IS UNWANT$ *-BE>+ ) XS S"EAL IMPLIC,NS1 9CLUD+ LACK ( ANT5ATAL C>E1 MAT]NAL DEPRES.N1 L[] BR1/FE$+ RATE1 & OV]ALL * MORBID;Y4 ! REPORT 0MALA*]1 ET ;AL /ATES T 8*N :O >E ! RESULT ( UN9T5D$ PREGNANCIES >E AT 9CR1S$ RISK ( 9FANT MORTAL;Y -P>$ 6*N RESULT+ F 9T5D$ PREGNANCIES40 "Y GIRLS & * M>RIAGE "Y GIRLS >E BIOLOGIC,Y1 EMO;N,Y1 & SOCI,Y N R1DY = *-BE>+1 & ALL #ED C.TRIES H A LEGAL FRAME"W = #EJ 4ALL[+ * M>RIAGES 7(T5 US+ #AH YE>S OLD Z ! LEGAL AGE ( M>RIAGE74 E>LY M>RIAGE O3URS MA9LY 9 SUB-SAH>AN AFRICA1 & S\? ASIA ESPECI,Y 9 9DIA1 ": "O-?IRD (! _W'S * BRIDES LIVE4 #AG "! H BE5 NUM]\S /UDIES ON E>LY M>RIAGE 9 9DIA4 A #BJAB REPORT 0! ANNUAL H1L? SURVEYS 7AHS7 ( 9DIA /AT$ T :ILE ! 9CID5TS ( * M>RIAGE HAS DECL9$ OV] ! "3#EJ YE>S1 X IS / O3URR+1 6"S EXT5T1 9 "S /ATES1 ESPECI,Y 9 ! EMP[]$ AC;N GR\P 7EAG7 /ATES4 99#H;THE HIS OLD :O 7 M>RI$ IS HI 7#BJ 3P74 M1N:ILE1 A /UDY 0! C5TRE = SOCIAL RESE>* 9DIA 7CSRI7 %[$ T :ILE "! HAS BE5 "S DECL9E1 ! NUMB] ( * M>RIAGES IS / UNA3EPTABLY HI<1 DESPITE ! EXI/;E ( LEGISL,NS CRIM9ALIS+ X4 ! P]C5TAGE ( GIRLS 9 9DIA AG$ #BJ-#BD :O 7 M>RI$ 2F !Y 7 #AH YE>S OLD OV] ?REE "T P]IODS >E3 #ED1B 3P 9 #AIIB-#AIIC1 #EJ 3P 9 #AIIH- #AIII1 & #DD1E 3P 9 #BJJE-#BJJF4 ! PRACTICE IS MO/ -MON 9 "S /ATES3 #EE UTT> PRADE%1 MADHYA PRADE%1 #EA BIH>1 RAJAS?AN1 & &HRA PRADE% REPORT ! HIRIAGES4 ! NOR?-S\? DIVIDE IS CLE>3 ! P]C5TAGE ( GIRLS M>RI$ 2F ! AGE ( #AH YE>S IS #GA 3P 9 BIH> & #FH 3P 9 RAJAS?AN1 :ILE 9 K]ALA1 X IS #AG 3P1 & 9 TAMIL NADU1 #BE 3P4 ! CAUSES = E>LY M>RIAGE >E _M3 GIRLS >E M>RI$ (F E>LY = ECONOMIC R1SONS 76LESS5 ! FAMILY'S BURD5 ( HAV+ "O M M\? 6FE$ =! GIRL'S FAMILY1 & AN EXTRA PAIR ( "3#EA H&S = LAB\R 9 ! BOY'S FAMILY7 &= CULTURAL R1SONS 7=G+ FAMILY ALLI.ES 2F ! OPPORTUN;Y IS LO/1 6AVOID HAV+ 6$UCATE !M1 & 6ASSURE VIRG9;Y AT M>RIAGE74 ! 3SEQU;ES >E _M4 SOCI,Y1 ! MAJOR 3SEQU;E IS DEPRIV,N ( $UC,N & EMPLOY;T OPPORTUNITIES =! GIRLS4 9 ! >EA ( SRHR & MAT]NAL H1L?1 ! 3SEQU;ES >E RISK ( -PLIC,NS & D1? 9 PREGNANCY & *ILDBIR? 7IN #AE-#AI YE> OLD1 ! RISK ( MAT]NAL D1? IS #BD "TS T ( OLD] WOM572 D1? (! BABY 7RISK ( 9FANT MORTAL;Y IS #FJ "TS HI<] IF "M IS 2L #AH YE>S OLD72 DOME/IC VIOL;E 7! "Y GIRL1 (T5 F POOR #EF FAMILIES1 IS AT ! M]CY (! OLD] #EB HUSB& & 8 FAMILY72 & 9CR1S$ RISK ( SEXU,Y TRANSMITT$ 9FEC;NS 7! HUSB&S >E (T5 V M* OLD]71 AM;G/ O!RS4 REMOTE1 DI6ICULT-TO-R1* WOM5 ? IS A -MON RISK FACTOR = POOR MAT]NAL H1L? /ATUS & PREGNANCY \TCOMES4 ! F/ DELAY 7! DECI.N N 6SEEK C>E7 & ESPECI,Y ! SECOND DELAY 7! 9ABIL;Y 6R1* ! PO9T ( C>E7 (! ?REE-DELAY MODEL IS (T5 EXPLA9$ 0GEOGRAPHICAL B>RI]1 ASIDE F POV]TY & "3#EB LACK ( AW>E;S4 S\? ASIA C.TRIES H A L>GE PROPOR;N ( POPUL,N 9 RURAL >1S1 _M ( ^! >E REMOTE1 ) POOR TRANSPORT & O!R FACILITIES4 ": /ATIC H1L? FACILITIES >E N PROVID$1 = S"EAL R1SONS1 H1L? AU?ORITIES USU,Y PROVIDE \TR1* S]VICES1 0MOBILE CL9ICS & O!R MODALITIES4 AN EXAMPLE IS ! FLY+ DOCTOR H1L? S]VICE 0! M9I/RY ( H1L? =! REMOTE >1S 9 ! /ATES ( SABAH & S>AWAK4 9 S\? ASIA1 _M =MS ( \TR1* & MOBILE MAT]NAL H1L? S]VICES >E AVAILA# = REMOTE -MUNITIES4 = EXAMPLE1 9 PAKI/AN1 99#I;A PROJECT 9 #BJJE #EG PROVID$ MOBILE CL9ICS = POOR #EB RURAL PREGNANT WOM5 & GUID.E = DELIV]Y1#AH;HELPED ) PO/- MISC>RIAGE -PLIC,NS1 & REF]R$ = ASSI/$ DELIV]Y & CAES>1N SEC;N4 0#BJJH1 ! S]VICE _H R1*$ #HE'JJJ WOM54 COV]AGE ( ANT5ATAL C>E 0 #DC 3P1 : IS #AB 3P HI<] ?AN ! N,NAL AV]AGE4 X WD 2 USE;L = ? 6BE FOLL[$ UP 6ASSESS XS SU/A9ABIL;Y1 : IS DI6ICULT 6ATTA9 ON A PROJECT BASIS UN.S X GETS TRANS=M$ 96A FULL PROGRAMME4 #EH "3#EC #EC GR\PS AT RISK ( SOCIAL EXCLU.N & 9EQU;Y TWO GR\PS >E AT RISK ( 9EQU;Y3 E?NIC OR TRIBAL M9ORITIES & MIGRANTS4 ! M>G9ALIS,N ( M9OR;Y GR\PS IS A WELL- "KN PH5OM5ON4 M5;N 0 MADE E>LI] (! POOR 9 USA1 :O MO/LY >E AL F E?NIC M9ORITIES4 9 H] >TICLE 8RACIAL & E?NIC 4P>ITIES 9 9FANT & MAT]NAL MORTAL;Y10 ANA*EBE /ATES1 8DESPITE ! DRAMATIC DECL9E 9 9FANT & MAT]NAL MORTAL;Y DUR+ ! #BJ? C5TURY1 "O (! GRTE/ *ALL5GES FAC+ ! USA IS 4P>;Y AM;G E?NIC GR\PS2 N ONLY AM;G BLACKS1 B AL NATIVE ALASKANS1 AM]ICAN 9DIANS1 HISPANICS40 SIMIL>LY 9 ! UK1 X HAS BE5 REPORT$ 0! .BRITI% .M$ICAL .J\RNAL T ! RISK ( SEV]E MAT]NAL MORBID;Y AM;G :ITE WOM5 IS #HJ_/#AJJ'JJJ & #ABJ_/#AJJ'JJJ AM;G NON-:ITE WOM5 7KNIWANI 4TRICT 9 MADHYA PRADE%1 &! LEGAL TUSSLE 2T ! GOV]N;T & WOM5 ACTIVI/ #EI GR\PS1 FOLL[+ ! IMPRISON;T (A #ED SOCIAL "3#ED ACTIVI/1 IS A GL>+ EXAMPLE4 ON A M POSITIVE NOTE1 C]TA9 5ABL+ 3DI;NS D EXI/ 6IMPROVE ! PLIE AL AT RISK ( 9EQU;Y & SOCIAL EXCLU.N4 MIGR,N1 EI 9T]NAL OR CROSSBORD]1 HAS 2COME A R1L;Y 9 TD'S _W4 GLOBALIS,N1 CLIMATE *ANGE1 CIVIL /RIFE & W>S1 (T5 >E A3OMPANI$ 0MASS MOBILIS,N ( POPUL,N GR\PS T HAS IMPLIC,NS ON MAT]NAL H1L?1 2SS ! 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